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Air pollution, primarily driven by factors such as vehicular emissions, industrial processes, and urbanisation, has long been associated with respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and even premature death. The thick layers of smog in Delhi have been making it difficult to breathe, even causing problems for your eye health.
However, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the ramifications of air pollution extend beyond the physical domain and into the realm of mental well-being.
According to Dr Sathish C Reddy, consultant- interventional pulmonology, CARE Hospitals, living in an area with excessive air pollution can potentially cause mood swings. “Research suggests that exposure to air pollution, specifically fine particulate matter (PM2.5), may lead to inflammation and oxidative stress in the body, which can impact the brain and mood-regulating neurotransmitters,” he tells indianexpress.com.
In a comprehensive review conducted in 2022 and published in the journal NeuroToxicology, more than 100 studies investigating the impact of air pollution on mental health and specific brain regions responsible for regulating emotions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, were examined.
The research findings revealed that a significant majority, accounting for 73 per cent of the studies, reported an elevated prevalence of mental health symptoms and altered behaviours in both humans and animals following exposure to air pollution levels exceeding the norm.
A traffic policeman wearing a mask under heavy smog in New Delhi on Friday. (Express photo by Praveen Khanna)
The principal investigator of this study, Dr Clara G. Zundel, shared her conclusions in a report by the World Economic Forum in 2022, indicating, “Individuals exposed to polluted air undergo noticeable alterations within the brain regions responsible for emotional regulation, potentially increasing their susceptibility to conditions like anxiety and depression when compared to those breathing cleaner air.”
Dr Rohan Kumar, psychiatrist, Regency Hospital, explained that this is primarily due to the impact of pollutants on the body’s inflammatory response. “Pollutants like fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can enter the bloodstream and reach the brain, triggering inflammation. This inflammation can affect the brain’s neurotransmitter balance, potentially leading to mood disturbances.”
On top of causing inflammation, Dr Reddy added that they can also bring about oxidative stress and damage to neurons. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can impair cognitive function and lead to conditions like cognitive decline.
How to cope with the ill effects of pollution on mental health
Reducing exposure: Stay informed about local air quality and limit outdoor activities during high pollution days.
Use air purifiers: At home or in the workplace, air purifiers can help reduce indoor air pollution.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management can help mitigate some of the effects of pollution on mental health.
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Seek medical advice: If you experience persistent mood swings or mental health issues due to pollution, consult a healthcare professional for guidance and potential treatments.
Wearing masks in highly polluted areas, spending time in green spaces, and practicing stress-reduction techniques like meditation can help mitigate the impact of pollution on your mental well-being.
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